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[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off” transparent_background=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” inner_shadow=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” make_equal=”off” use_custom_gutter=”off” gutter_width=”3″ custom_padding_tablet=”0px||0px|” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” prev_background_color=”#ffffff” next_background_color=”#000000″][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=”4_4″][et_pb_toggle admin_label=”Index” _builder_version=”3.0.106″ title=”Index” open=”off”]Contents
14.2.1 Extract from FRS102: Section 14.2-14.3.
14.2.2.1 What forms of entities can be considered an associate.
14.2.2.2 Significant influence (the ability to assert the influence even if it is not asserted)
14.2.2.2.1 Requirements to consider potential voting rights where reviewing significant influence.
14.2.2.2.2 How is significant influence demonstrated.
14.2.2.2.3 When can the 20% or more holdings be rebutted – significant influence.
14.2.2.2.4 Consideration when slightly less than 20% held.
14.3 Measurement—accounting policy election.
14.3.1 Extract from FRS102: Section 14.4-14.4B.
14.4.1 Extract from FRS102: Section 14.5-14.6.
14.4.2.3 Deferred tax under the cost model
14.4.2.4 Illustration of the cost model
14.4.2.5 Recognition of Income.
14.5.1 Extract from FRS102: Section 14.8(a)-18.8(h)
14.5.2.2 Application of equity accounting.
14.5.2.2.2 Worked example illustrating equity accounting requirements.
14.5.2.4 Transactions with associates.
14.5.2.5 Date of associates financial statements.
14.5.2.6 Uniform Accounting policies
14.5.2.7 Losses in excess of investment
14.5.2.8 Deferred tax on unremitted earning in the consolidated financial statements.
14.5.2.8.2 Timing difference to reverse through sale.
14.5.2.8.3 Timing difference to reverse through receipt of dividends.
14.5.2.8.4 Example of deferred tax on unremitted earnings.
14.6 Discontinuing the equity method.
14.6.1 Extract from FRS102: Section 14.8(i)
14.6.2.2.1 Full derecognition of associate due to sale.
14.6.2.2.3 Transfer of associate as a result of loss of significant influence due to sale.
14.6.2.2.4 Loss of significant influence not due to sale.
14.7 Initial carrying amount of an associate following loss of control of an entity.
14.8 Step increase in an existing associate.
14.9 Step increase from investment/financial asset to associate.
14.10.1 Extract from FRS102: Section 14.9-14.10A.
14.10.2.1 Fair value through other comprehensive income (OCI)
14.10.2.1.1 Measurement and recognition.
14.10.2.1.2 Treatment of transaction costs.
14.10.2.1.3 Frequency of valuations.
14.10.2.1.4 What happens when fair value cannot be measured reliably.
14.10.2.1.6 Example of application of Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income model
14.10.2.1.7 Recognition of income.
14.10.2.2 Fair value through the profit and loss.
14.10.2.2.1 Measurement and recognition.
14.10.2.2.2 Frequency of valuations.
14.10.2.2.3 What happens when fair value cannot be measured reliably?.
14.10.2.2.4 Example of application of Fair Value through profit and loss model
14.11 Disclosure requirements.
14.11.1 Extract from FRS102: Section 14.11-14.15A.
14.11.2.2.2 Consolidated financial statements.
14.11.2.2.2.1 Accounting policies – consolidated financial statements.
14.11.2.2.2.2 Notes to the financial statements.
14.11.2.2.2.2.1 Financial assets.
14.11.2.2.2.3 Consolidated profit and loss amount showing share of associates.
14.11.2.2.3 Parent entity financial statements.
14.11.2.2.3.1 Accounting policies.
14.11.2.2.3.2 Notes for the financial statements.
14.11.2.2.3.2.1 Financial assets.
14.11.2.2.3.3 Profit and loss accounts for entity that is not a parent
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14.10 Fair value model – entity that is not a parent or is not required to prepare consolidated accounts
14.10.1 Extract from FRS102: Section 14.9-14.10A
14.9 When an investment in an associate is recognised initially, an investor that is not a parent, that chooses to adopt the fair value model, shall measure it at the transaction price.
14.10 At each reporting date, an investor that is not a parent, that chooses to adopt the fair value model, shall measure its investments in associates at fair value, with changes in fair value recognised in other comprehensive income in accordance with paragraphs 17.15E and 17.15F, using the fair value guidance in paragraphs 11.27 to 11.32. An investor using the fair value model shall use the cost model for any investment in an associate for which it is impracticable to measure fair value reliably without undue cost or effort.
14.10A The investor shall recognise dividends and other distributions received from the investment as income without regard to whether the distributions are from accumulated profits of the associate arising before or after the date of acquisition.
14.10.2 OmniPro comment
14.10.2.0 Overview
Section 14.10 of FRS 102 gives an entity a choice to where the option to fair value the investment is chosen. The choice is to carry these at fair value through profit and loss or through OCI.
14.10.2.1 Fair value through other comprehensive income (OCI)
14.10.2.1.1 Measurement and recognition
Where the fair value model through other comprehensive income is chosen, the following rules apply as stated in Section 14.10 of FRS 102:
- On initial recognition the investment is measured at the transaction price (i.e. cost plus directly attributable acquisition fees)
- Fair value movements are recognised in other comprehensive income/revaluation reserve where the movement is positive unless previous devaluations have been recognisesd in the profit and loss in which case they are recognised in the profit and loss up to the amount previously recognised in the profit and loss and after that to other comprehensive income; and
- Fair value movements which are negative are first set against the revaluation reserve and where this is reduced to nil, they are then posted to the profit and loss.
14.10.2.1.2 Treatment of transaction costs
All transaction costs are expensed as incurred.
14.10.2.1.3 Frequency of valuations
The revaluations should be performed on a regular basis so that the carrying amount is not materially different from its fair value.
14.10.2.1.4 What happens when fair value cannot be measured reliably
Where fair value can no longer be measured it is then stated at the carrying value at that time which is deemed to be its original cost as per the rules in Section 14.10 of FRS 102.
14.10.2.1.5 Deferred tax
As there will be fair value adjustments, there will be a deferred tax impact for the differences between the tax base and the carrying amount. The deferred tax adjustment should follow the initial adjustment to reflect the new carrying amount i.e. on initial recognition the deferred tax impact will be posted to other comprehensive income. The deferred tax rate to be used will be the rate that it is expected that the investment will be settled for. Where the investment is to be held for dividend purposes then the trading tax rate should be used, however where it is expected the investment will be sold it should be measured at the capital gain tax/sales tax rate. In reality it may more than likely be the capital gains tax rate. Where dividend will not be taxed on receipt or capital proceeds will not be taxable due to capital tax exemptions (e.g. participation relief), then no deferred tax is required to be recognised.
14.10.2.1.6 Example of application of Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income model
Example 16: Adoption of fair value through other comprehensive income
Company A in its individual financial statements has adopted a policy of fair valuing investments in associates through other comprehensive income. The subsidiary was acquired at the start of year 1 and original cost was CU100,000. The fair value of the investment at 31 December 2015 and 31 December 2016 and 31 December 2017 was CU120,000 and CU95,000 and CU125,000 respectively. Assume a deferred tax sales rate of 20%. Assume that the investment is held for future disposal as opposed to dividends – on this basis the sales tax rate should be used (if the investment was held for future dividends then the dividend tax rate should be used to measure deferred tax). Note if there was a tax exemption then no deferred tax would be required however we have assumed that there is not for the purposes of this calculation. The adjustments required to reflect the fair value policy and the related deferred tax are:
Journals required in the 31 December 2015 year
| CU | CU | |
|
Dr Investments in Subsidiaries (CU120,000-CU100,000) |
20,000 | |
| Cr Revaluation Reserve | 20,000 |
Being journal to reflect uplift in value on transition to show fair value
| CU | CU | |
|
Dr Deferred Tax in Revaluation Reserve (CU20,000*20%) |
4,000 | |
| Cr Deferred Tax Liability | 4,000 |
Being journal to reflect deferred tax on the uplift
Journals required in the 31 December 2016 year
| CU | CU | |
| Dr Fair Value Movement in Profit and Loss | 5,000 | |
| Dr Fair Value Movement in Subsidiaries in OCI/Revaluation reserve | 20,000 | |
| Cr Investments in Subsidiaries (CU120,000-CU95,000) | 25,000 |
Being journal to reflect fall in value at 31 December 2016. The CU5,000 is posted to the profit and loss as there is nothing left in the revaluation reserve after the CU20,000 has been debited in line with Section 17 of FRS 102.
| CU | CU | |
| Dr Deferred Tax Liability | 4,000 | |
| Cr Deferred Tax in Revaluation Reserve (CU20,000*20%) | 4,000 |
Being journal to reverse deferred tax recognised at 1 January 2016 as the investment is now stated below cost. No deferred tax asset recognised as assumed it is not probable there will be taxable profits to utilise the loss. If there was taxable profits then the deferred tax asset of CU500 would be recognised ((CU100,000-CU95,000)*20%)
Journals required in the 31 December 2017
| CU | CU | |
|
Dr Investments in Subsidiaries (CU125,000-CU95,000) |
30,000 | |
| Cr Profit and Loss Fair Value Movement | 5,000 | |
| Cr Fair Value Movement in Subsidiaries in P&L | 25,000 |
Being journal to reflect uplift in value on from 2016 to 2017. CU5,000 credit to profit and loss as CU5,000 had previously been debited to the profit and loss for the downward valuation
| CU | CU | |
|
Dr Deferred Tax in P&L ((CU125,000-CU100,000)*20%) |
5,000 | |
| Cr Deferred Tax Liability | 5,000 |
Being journal to reflect deferred tax on the uplift. The movement of CU95,000 to CU100,000 was not recognised in 2016 as per narrative above as the asset was not deemed recoverable.
14.10.2.1.7 Recognition of income
Dividends received are recognised in the profit and loss account when receivable. It is irrelevant whether this is paid from pre or post acquisition reserves as per Section 14.10A of FRS 102. However, if it was paid from pre-acquisition reserves, then the entity should assess if there is an indication of impairment of the investment.
14.10.2.2 Fair value through the profit and loss
14.10.2.2.1 Measurement and recognition
Section 11 provides the accounting treatment where fair value through the profit and loss is chosen.
All movements in the fair value of the investment is recognised in the profit and loss account.
14.10.2.2.1.1 Fair value
The fair value is determined in line with Section 11 i.e. first where available, the value from a quoted market, if this is not available then based on an identical transaction which was entered into within the recent past and if this is not available a valuation technique which uses the most of the external data and very little of entity data. See further details at 11.7.2.1.2
14.10.2.2.2 Frequency of valuations
The revaluations should be performed on a regular basis so that the carrying amount is not materially different from its fair value.
14.10.2.2.3 What happens when fair value cannot be measured reliably?
Where the valuation cannot be measured reliably then the investment must be carried at cost less impairment. Where fair value is used deferred tax must be considered.
14.10.2.2.4 Example of application of Fair Value through profit and loss model
Example 17: Adoption of fair value through profit and loss
Company A in its individual financial statements has adopted a policy of fair valuing investments in associates through the profit and loss. The subsidiary was acquired at the start of year 1 and original cost was CU100,000. The fair value of the investment at 31 December 2015 and 31 December 2016 was CU95,000 and CU125,000 respectively. Assume a deferred tax sales rate of 20%. Assume that the investment is held for future disposal as opposed to dividends – on this basis the sales tax rate should be used (if the investment was held for future dividends then the dividend tax rate should be used to measure deferred tax). Note if there was a tax exemption then no deferred tax would be required however we have assumed that there is not for the purposes of this calculation. The adjustments required to reflect the fair value policy and the related deferred tax are:
Journals required in the 31 December 2015 year
| CU | CU | |
| Dr Fair Value on Movement in Subsidiaries in P&L | 5,000 | |
|
Cr Investments in Subsidiaries (CU100,000-CU95,000) |
5,000 |
Being journal to reflect fall in value at 31 December 2015
| CU | CU | |
| Dr Deferred Tax Liability | 1,000 | |
|
Cr Deferred Tax in P&L ((CU5,000)*20%) |
1,000 |
Being journal to reflect deferred tax on the downward valuation. The movement of CU95,000 to CU100,000 is recognised on the basis that the entity believes there will be taxable profits to utilise this in the future.
Journals required in the 31 December 2016 year
| CU | CU | |
|
Dr Investments in Subsidiaries (CU125,000-CU95,000) |
30,000 | |
| Cr Fair Value on Movement in subsidiaries in P&L | 30,000 |
Being journal to reflect uplift in value from 2015 to 2016
| CU | CU | |
|
Dr Deferred Tax in P&L ((CU125,000-CU95,000)*20%) |
6,,000 | |
| Cr Deferred Tax Liability | 6,000 |
Being journal to reflect deferred tax on the uplift.
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Examples
Example 1: Potential voting rights.
Example 2: Potential voting rights.
Example 4: Dividend paid out of pre-acquisition reserves.
Example 5: Equity method accounting.
Example 6: Elimination of profit where investor sells goods to investee.
Example 7: loss in excess of investment
Example 8: Deferred tax on enremitted earnings
Example 9: Full derecognition of associate due to sale.
Example 10: Partial derecognition of associate due to sale but significant influence still retained.
Example 11: Transfer of associate as a result of loss of significant influence due to sale.
Example 12: Loss of significant influence not due to sale.
Example 14: Step increase in an existing associate.
Example 15: Step increase from investment /financial asset to associate.
Example 16: Adoption of fair value through other comprehensive income.
Example 17: Adoption of fair value through profit and loss.
Example 18: Extract from the accounting policy notes to the consolidated financial statements.
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